Mask mandates save lives

We quantify the effect of statewide mask mandates in the United States in 2020. Our regression discontinuity design exploits county-level variation in COVID-19 outcomes across the border between states with and without mandates. State mask mandates reduced new weekly COVID-19 cases, hospital admissions, and deaths by 55, 11, and 0.7 per 100,000 inhabitants on average. The effect depends on political leaning with larger effects in Democratic-leaning counties. Our results imply that statewide mandates saved 87,000 lives through December 19, 2020, while a nationwide mandate could have saved 57,000 additional lives. This suggests that mask mandates can help counter pandemics, particularly if widely accepted.     

Screening Mammography: Revisiting Assumptions About Early Detection

Recommendations for the frequency of mammography screening vary across several professional advisory groups. In 2009, the United States Preventive Services Task Force Guidelines reduced screening to biennially for women 50-74 years old. Drivers of this change were false-positive results and unnecessary biopsies, exposure to radiation, and treatment of cancers that would never develop. Despite the recommendation, surveys show that screening has actually increased since the change. A review of the individual woman's risk and a more balanced approach addressing both the benefits and harms of screening is required so that patients can make an informed choice.     

对冠状动脉支架植入术围术期预防应用抗菌药物的考察与分析

冠脉支架植入术（ICS）感染率低,但其涉及重要器官心脏,且为外物置入,一旦感染后果严重。此类手术是否需要预防用药国内尚存争议。随着2015年《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》中ICS不推荐常规预防用抗菌药物规定的实施,及医院的相关干预政策的推行,我院行冠脉支架植入术患者围术期预防用抗菌药物的使用率显著下降,未增加术后感染率,且未延长患者住院天数,抗菌药物应用合理率显著提高,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供参考。     

预防保健措施对老年高血压合并糖尿病患者血压及血糖的控制分析

目的分析预防保健措施对老年高血压合并糖尿病患者血压及血糖的控制情况。方法选择120例上海市静安区彭浦新村街道社区卫生服务中心2016年6月—2017年6月接诊的高血压合并糖尿病的老年患者进行研究,遵循随机数表法被均分为观察组和对照组各60例。对照组患者采用单纯药物治疗,观察组患者在采用常规护理措施的同时实施预防保健措施。观察两组患的收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分以及患者的服药及饮食指导依从性。结果实施前,两组患者的收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖均无明显差异(P0.05);实施后,两组患者的收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖均明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。实施前,两组患者的SAS评分及SDS评分无明显的差异(P0.05);实施后,两组的SAS评分及SDS评分均明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。实施后,观察组的服药依从性为96.67%,对照组为86.67%,两组比较有显著性差异(χ~2=3.397,P0.05);观察组的饮食指导依从性为88.33%,对照组为73.33%,两组比较有显著性差异(χ~2=4.357,P0.05)。结论预防保健措施可有效地提高患者的服药依从性和饮食依从性,消除负性情绪,降低患者的血压及血糖,其预防保健措施值得广泛运用并大力推广。     

66例妊娠期间血小板减少患者的临床分析

目的探讨妊娠期间血小板减少的病因及临床处理方法。方法收集66例妊娠合并血小板减少患者的临床资料,分析妊娠期间血小板减少的病因及相关处理措施。结果 66例患者中,单纯妊娠引起的血小板减少47例(71.21%),妊娠期高血压疾病13例(19.70%),特发性血小板减少性紫癜4例(6.06%),肝功能异常1例(1.52%)及系统性红斑狼疮1例(1.52%)。12例血小板计数<50×10~9/L的患者中,7例为妊娠高血压综合征(58.33%),3例为特发性血小板减少性紫癜(25.00%)。剖宫产19例,阴道分娩47例,其中剖宫产者产前平均血小板值低于50×10~9/L,平均出血量300 m L,阴道分娩者平均血小板值高于60×10~9/L,平均出血量200 m L;未见新生儿血小板减少或死亡发生。结论妊娠期间血小板减少是由多种内科合并症及妊娠并发症引起的围产期疾病,应根据病因进行个体化治疗,分娩方式应根据血小板及母儿情况而定。     

重点短缺药品及供应保障措施探讨

目的：分析我国重点短缺药品品种,探讨供应保障措施,为缓解药品短缺和实施相关政策提供参考。方法：检索我国政府网站,收集整理短缺药品监测报告,从监测哨点角度、省级监测平台角度和短缺药品来源角度,总结归纳出我国重点短缺药品品种,分析其短缺原因,提出措施建议。结果与结论：我国短缺药品中,国产药品、化学药品占比较高,抗肿瘤药短缺问题突出,基本药物目录、医保目录内品种占比高。为做好短缺药品综合供应保障,应在落实已有政策的基础上,学习国外管理经验,着力解决重点短缺药品、完善监测平台、发挥政策引导作用,加强企业社会责任意识,做好数据挖掘和信息公开,多举措保障药品的可及性。     

Multimodal imaging for a theranostic approach in a murine model of B-cell lymphoma with engineered nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising tool for in vivo multimodality imaging and theranostic applications. Hyaluronic acid (HA)-based NPs have numerous active groups that make them ideal as tumor-targeted carriers. The B-lymphoma neoplastic cells express on their surfaces a clone-specific immunoglobulin receptor (Ig-BCR). The peptide A20-36 (pA20-36) selectively binds to the Ig-BCR of A20 lymphoma cells. In this work, we demonstrated the ability of core-shell chitosan-HA-NPs decorated with pA20-36 to specifically target A20 cells and reduce the tumor burden in a murine xenograft model. We monitored tumor growth using high-frequency ultrasonography and demonstrated targeting specificity and kinetics of the NPs via in vivo fluorescent reflectance imaging. This result was also confirmed by ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging and confocal microscopy. In conclusion, we demonstrated the ability of NPs loaded with fluorescent and paramagnetic tracers to act as multimodal imaging contrast agents and hence as a non-toxic, highly specific theranostic system.     

Quality Indicators of Primary Care Provider Engagement in Nursing Home Care

The initiative described here aims to identify quality indicators (QIs) germane to the international practice of primary care providers (PCP) in post-acute and long-term care in order to demonstrate the added value of medical providers in nursing homes (NHs). A 7-member international team identified and adapted existing QIs to the AMDA competencies for medical providers. QI sources included the ACOVE 3 Quality Indicators (2007), NH Quality Indicators (2004), NH Residential Care Quality Indicators (2002), and AGS Choosing Wisely (2014). We recruited a technical expert panel (TEP) consisting of 11 panelists from the US, Canada, and the European Union, selected for their knowledge and leadership in post-acute and long-term care. The TEP, using a RAND Modified Delphi approach, provided pre-meeting ratings, discussed items in-person for clarification, and re-rated items following discussion. When panelists rated more than 1 option for a particular QI as valid and feasible, the most stringent option was selected for inclusion in the final candidate set of QIs. Panelists confidentially rated an initial 103 items on validity and feasibility of implementation. During the meeting, panelists added 18 QIs and modified 18. In post-meeting analysis, we eliminated 7 QIs rated not valid and 11 QIs for which a more stringent QI was rated valid and feasible. This resulted in a final set of 95 QIs rated valid and feasible and 8 rated valid but not feasible. This set of QIs for PCPs in the NH identified practices in which provider engagement adds value through expertise in geriatric syndromes, employing evidence-based practice, advocating for residents, delivering person-centered care, facilitating advance care planning, and communicating effectively to coordinate care. Next steps include pilot testing and evaluating the association between adherence to QIs, PCP staffing models, and better outcomes.     

鼻咽癌放疗患者放射性龋的预防

目的:探讨鼻咽癌放疗患者放射性龋的有效预防方法。方法:对75例接受放疗的鼻咽癌患者于放疗前进行口腔检查和治疗、自我口腔清洁方法的指导,放疗后进行随访。结果:有50例鼻咽癌放疗患者进行了1~3年随访,其中有4例发生了放射性龋。本文发现不良的口腔卫生习惯为放射性龋的主要诱因。结论:放射治疗前进行口腔诊疗,指导患者掌握并坚持正确的口腔清洁方法,放疗后局部用氟,每3~6个月接受口腔复查,采取这些综合口腔预防措施可有效减少或预防放射性龋的发生。